How to Scan
Moving your cursor over the line of verse, mark each highlighted syllable as a stress or a slack. Ah, but how do you know where the slacks and stresses fall?
Mainly, you listen. You say the verse out loud, more than once, paying attention to the pattern of emphases as you go and considering alternative patterns that occur to you as ways the line might be spoken. Stress is expressed vocally in a number of ways: accent, pitch, volume, duration, or a combination of these. And stress is relative, not absolute: whether a syllable is a slack or a stress depends on how you hear it in relation to neighboring syllables that take more or less or equal stress. Keep the best faith you can with what the verse says: the plain sense of statement or query or command. Listen too for what it implies about what it says: how it insists or coaxes, beseeches or mocks. Have the courage of your vocal convictions; don’t succumb too obediently to metrical singsong’s dictation.
Once you’ve thus transcribed your reading of the line, check it for conformity to scansion’s basic rules, which you may consult at any time by clicking on the Rules of Thumb subtitle at the top of this page. (You should expect to do this often while getting started!)
Time now to click on the arrows icon to the right and see how you did. If all’s well, enjoy your green light and proceed to the next line. But you may have encountered trouble: a red cross usually indicates a technical mistake in following the rules of thumb; a yellow asterisk means you’re in technical compliance but may have overlooked a nuance that’s worth listening harder for. In either case, sweep your scansion clean with the broom icon to the left of the line, and try again till the green light goes on.
The next job – one involving the eye more than the ear – is to group your scanned syllables into poetic feet. Remember that 4B4V recognizes only six kinds of feet: anapest, dactyl, iamb, pyrrhic, spondee, trochee. Gather the syllables into repeating units of the same foot where possible; where that won’t work, be sure at least that each foot you’ve indicated is one of our permitted six. After getting the entire line distributed into feet, check the result by clicking the footprints icon right next to the arrows icon. If the shoe doesn’t fit (sorry), remember that traditional metrics gives the poet a license to drop slack syllables at either end of a line (called catalectic) or to add them in feminine endings; and try a different grouping of syllables with these options in mind. Recall as well 4B4V’s bias towards rising (slack-to-stress) feet.
Once you’ve gotten the green light on the footprints for several lines running, it should be apparent what the poem’s dominant foot is. On this basis you can proceed with confidence to the last icon and name the meter that structures each line as you go. Any red crosses that pop up at this point are likely to be due to your unfamiliarity with the names, which will, never fear, eventually stick in your mind; or else to a larger pattern of variation in the length of lines as they constellate into a stanza. What won’t change, except in a handful of poems written as prosodic stunts, is the prevailing foot. That’s the metronome the whole poem marches, skips, or dances to.
Sometimes discerning what the prevailing foot is can serve you as a key that will open up the syllabic scansion of a tricky poem faster than will sheer toil over the syllables alone. In such cases it may help if you switch over temporarily to scanning for feet, then return to scanning for stress; move back and forth between the two scansion levels until the prosodic x-ray comes into focus and a clear meter emerges. Generally speaking, when you can’t decide whether to obey the meter or flout it, recall that blessed are the meek: it not seldom happens that a promoted stress (where you bully a line’s apparent reading into metrical conformity) unlocks a surprising insight.
List of Poems
By Title
- A Musical Instrument
- A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
- Above the Raven’s Nest (The Prelude, I.326-39)
- Adonais (Stanzas 54-55)
- Ah! Sun-flower
- Amoretti 75
- An Essay on Criticism (ll. 362-73)
- Anthem for Doomed Youth
- Astrophil and Stella (31)
- Beppo (stanza 44)
- Bright Star
- Cary/Morison Ode: The Turn 65-74
- Chorus (Henry the Fifth III.i.1-17)
- Despayre in Praise of Suicide (Faerie Queene 1.9.39-40)
- Dover Beach
- Dulness’ Apocalypse (The Dunciad 4.627-56)
- Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher
- Echo
- Elegy
- Enoch Arden
- Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to his Royal Highness
- Eternity
- Even Such is Time
- God’s Grandeur
- He Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven
- Heaven-Haven: A Nun Takes the Veil
- Here Dead Lie We
- Holy Sonnet 1
- Holy Sonnet 14
- Hyperion (Il. 1-14)
- I Felt a Funeral in My Brain
- I Look Into My Glass
- In Memoriam (section 7)
- In Neglect
- In Tenebris
- It is the Fashion Now
- Jabberwocky
- Jordan
- Juliet’s Soliloquy (Romeo and Juliet III.ii.1-25)
- Kubla Khan
- La Belle Dame sans Merci
- Lear on the Heath (King Lear III.ii.1-9)
- Life of Life (Prometheus Unbound II.v.48-71)
- Meeting at Night
- Metrical Feet: Lesson for a Boy
- Mont Blanc ll. 1-11
- Mowing
- My Spirit Will Not Haunt the Mound
- My Sweetest Lesbia
- On His Blindness
- On the Death of Dr. Robert Levet
- Ozymandias
- Paradise Lost (IV. 222-44)
- Pertinax
- Piano
- Prospero Explains (The Tempest IV.i.148-63)
- Rain
- Renouncement
- Resume
- Rhyme for a Child Viewing a Naked Venus in a Painting of “The Judgment of Paris”
- Roses Are Red
- Sabrina Fair (Comus 1-8 32-63)
- She Dotes on What the Wild Birds Say
- She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
- Since There’s No Help
- Slow, Slow, Fresh Fount
- Snow-Flakes
- Song: Go, Lovely Rose
- Sonnet 18
- Sonnet 29
- Sonnet 73
- Sonnets from the Portuguese #7
- Sudden Light
- Thaw
- The Balloon of the Mind
- The Brain is Wider than the Sky
- The Cold Heaven
- The Eagle
- The Good-Morrow
- The Kraken
- The Lowest Place
- The Night is Freezing Fast
- The Oxen
- The Red Knight Topples (Idylls of the King, X.454-76)
- The Roundel
- The Sick Rose
- The Sonnet
- The Span of Life
- The Swifts
- The Tyger
- The Voice
- The Windhover
- The Witch
- The Wood Pile
- Though I am Young and Cannot Tell
- To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Nothing
- To Daffodils
- To the Reader of these Sonnets
- Upon Julia’s Clothes
- Westron Wynde
- When a Man Hath No Freedom
By Difficulty
WARMING UP
- A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
- Amoretti 75
- An Essay on Criticism (ll. 362-73)
- Cary/Morison Ode: The Turn 65-74
- Despayre in Praise of Suicide (Faerie Queene 1.9.39-40)
- Dover Beach
- Dulness’ Apocalypse (The Dunciad 4.627-56)
- Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher
- Elegy
- Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to his Royal Highness
- Even Such is Time
- Here Dead Lie We
- I Felt a Funeral in My Brain
- I Look Into My Glass
- Jabberwocky
- Meeting at Night
- Mont Blanc ll. 1-11
- My Spirit Will Not Haunt the Mound
- On the Death of Dr. Robert Levet
- Pertinax
- Rhyme for a Child Viewing a Naked Venus in a Painting of “The Judgment of Paris”
- Roses Are Red
- She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
- Snow-Flakes
- Sonnet 18
- Sonnet 29
- The Balloon of the Mind
- The Brain is Wider than the Sky
- The Eagle
- The Kraken
- The Lowest Place
- The Night is Freezing Fast
- The Span of Life
- To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Nothing
- To Daffodils
- Upon Julia’s Clothes
- Westron Wynde
MOVING ALONG
- A Musical Instrument
- Above the Raven’s Nest (The Prelude, I.326-39)
- Adonais (Stanzas 54-55)
- Anthem for Doomed Youth
- Astrophil and Stella (31)
- Beppo (stanza 44)
- Bright Star
- Chorus (Henry the Fifth III.i.1-17)
- Enoch Arden
- Eternity
- He Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven
- Heaven-Haven: A Nun Takes the Veil
- Holy Sonnet 1
- Hyperion (Il. 1-14)
- In Memoriam (section 7)
- In Neglect
- In Tenebris
- It is the Fashion Now
- Jordan
- La Belle Dame sans Merci
- Lear on the Heath (King Lear III.ii.1-9)
- Mowing
- My Sweetest Lesbia
- Ozymandias
- Paradise Lost (IV. 222-44)
- Prospero Explains (The Tempest IV.i.148-63)
- Rain
- Renouncement
- Resume
- Since There’s No Help
- Song: Go, Lovely Rose
- Sonnet 73
- Sonnets from the Portuguese #7
- Thaw
- The Good-Morrow
- The Red Knight Topples (Idylls of the King, X.454-76)
- The Roundel
- The Sick Rose
- The Sonnet
- The Swifts
- The Tyger
- The Wood Pile
- Though I am Young and Cannot Tell
- To the Reader of these Sonnets
- When a Man Hath No Freedom
SPECIAL CHALLENGE
- Ah! Sun-flower
- Echo
- God’s Grandeur
- Holy Sonnet 14
- Juliet’s Soliloquy (Romeo and Juliet III.ii.1-25)
- Kubla Khan
- Life of Life (Prometheus Unbound II.v.48-71)
- Metrical Feet: Lesson for a Boy
- On His Blindness
- Piano
- Sabrina Fair (Comus 1-8 32-63)
- She Dotes on What the Wild Birds Say
- Slow, Slow, Fresh Fount
- Sudden Light
- The Cold Heaven
- The Oxen
- The Voice
- The Windhover
- The Witch
By Type
BALLAD
BLANK VERSE
- Above the Raven’s Nest (The Prelude, I.326-39)
- Chorus (Henry the Fifth III.i.1-17)
- Enoch Arden
- Hyperion (Il. 1-14)
- Juliet’s Soliloquy (Romeo and Juliet III.ii.1-25)
- Lear on the Heath (King Lear III.ii.1-9)
- Paradise Lost (IV. 222-44)
- Prospero Explains (The Tempest IV.i.148-63)
- Rain
- The Red Knight Topples (Idylls of the King, X.454-76)
CINQUAIN
COUPLET
- An Essay on Criticism (ll. 362-73)
- Cary/Morison Ode: The Turn 65-74
- Dulness’ Apocalypse (The Dunciad 4.627-56)
- Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to his Royal Highness
- Metrical Feet: Lesson for a Boy
- Rhyme for a Child Viewing a Naked Venus in a Painting of “The Judgment of Paris”
- The Span of Life
- The Wood Pile
OCTAVE
ODE
QUATRAIN
- A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
- Ah! Sun-flower
- Dying Speech of an Old Philosopher
- Eternity
- Heaven-Haven: A Nun Takes the Veil
- Here Dead Lie We
- I Look Into My Glass
- In Memoriam (section 7)
- In Tenebris
- Jabberwocky
- On His Blindness
- On the Death of Dr. Robert Levet
- Piano
- Roses Are Red
- She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
- Thaw
- The Balloon of the Mind
- The Lowest Place
- The Sick Rose
- The Tyger
- The Voice
- Westron Wynde
- When a Man Hath No Freedom
ROUNDEL
SIXAIN
- A Musical Instrument
- Life of Life (Prometheus Unbound II.v.48-71)
- Meeting at Night
- My Sweetest Lesbia
- Snow-Flakes
- The Night is Freezing Fast
SONG
SONNET
- Amoretti 75
- Anthem for Doomed Youth
- Astrophil and Stella (31)
- Bright Star
- God’s Grandeur
- Holy Sonnet 1
- Holy Sonnet 14
- It is the Fashion Now
- Mowing
- Ozymandias
- Renouncement
- Since There’s No Help
- Sonnet 18
- Sonnet 29
- Sonnet 73
- Sonnets from the Portuguese #7
- The Sonnet
- The Windhover
- To the Reader of these Sonnets
SPENSERIAN STANZA
TERCET
By Author
ANONYMOUS
MATTHEW ARNOLD
WILLIAM BLAKE
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING
ROBERT BROWNING
LORD BYRON
THOMAS CAMPION
LEWIS CARROLL
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE
EMILY DICKINSON
JOHN DONNE
MICHAEL DRAYTON
ROBERT FROST
THOMAS HARDY
GEORGE HERBERT
ROBERT HERRICK
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS
A. E. HOUSMAN
SAMUEL JOHNSON
BEN JONSON
JOHN KEATS
WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
D. H. LAWRENCE
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
LORD BYRON
W.S. MERWIN
ALICE MEYNELL
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY
JOHN MILTON
WILFRED OWEN
DOROTHY PARKER
ALEXANDER POPE
- An Essay on Criticism (ll. 362-73)
- Dulness’ Apocalypse (The Dunciad 4.627-56)
- Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to his Royal Highness
WALTER RALEGH
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI
DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
- Chorus (Henry the Fifth III.i.1-17)
- Juliet’s Soliloquy (Romeo and Juliet III.ii.1-25)
- Lear on the Heath (King Lear III.ii.1-9)
- Prospero Explains (The Tempest IV.i.148-63)
- Sonnet 18
- Sonnet 29
- Sonnet 73
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
EDMUND SPENSER
ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE
ALFRED LORD TENNYSON
- Enoch Arden
- In Memoriam (section 7)
- The Eagle
- The Kraken
- The Red Knight Topples (Idylls of the King, X.454-76)
EDWARD THOMAS
EDMUND WALLER
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
- A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
- Above the Raven’s Nest (The Prelude, I.326-39)
- She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
- The Sonnet